India sent a small robot rover called Pragyan to the Moon in 2023. It landed near the Moon's south pole, a place no rover had ever visited on the surface.
The rover took the temperature of the Moon's soil. On top, in the sunshine, it was hot, about 82 degrees Celsius. But just a hand's width below the surface, it was freezing cold, about minus 168 degrees. The rover also used a laser to find out what the soil was made of, and it found sulphur and metals like iron.
These are exciting firsts. But the rover only tested one spot for a short time, so scientists cannot yet say what the whole south pole is like.